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Table 2 Ultrasound assessment for meniscal extrusion

From: Assessment of meniscal extrusion with ultrasonography: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

How the meniscus was identified on imaging

Measurement of extrusion (mm)

Measured in full knee extension

Performance (P) and analysis (A)

For medial meniscus, was longitudinal section of imaging parallel to the MCL used as reference?

For lateral meniscus

Medial meniscus extrusion

Lateral meniscus extrusion

Was extrusion measured between the outer edge of the MM and (a) a line connecting the femoral and tibial cortices or (b) the medial tibial border

Site of measurement on meniscus (meniscus body, anterior or posterior horn)

Verdonk 2004 [20]

N/A

Probe placed anterior to LCL

N/A

N/A

Line between red and white zone and line connecting femoral and tibial cortex

Yes

P & A: physician of unknown experience

Ko 2007 [8]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: physician of unknown experience

Iagnocco 2012 [35]

NR

N/A

NR

NR

N/A

No: Supine with 30° flexion

P & A by three sonographers of different levels (3 months, 5 years, and 24 years of experience)

Kawaguchi 2012 [19]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A by physician of unknown experience

Acebes 2013 [28]

Yes

N/A

No, between MCL and line connecting femur and tibial cortices

NR

N/A

Yes

P: unknown A: 2 rheumatologists

Yanagisawa 2014 [53]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A by experienced orthopedic surgeon

Yanagisawa 2014* [54]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P: orthopedic surgeon A: by physician of unknown experience

Nogueira-Barbosa 2015 [42]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

Meniscal body

N/A

Yes

P: MSK radiologist (3 years US experience) A: two MSK radiologists (3 and 8 years of experience)

Yanagisawa 2015 [52]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A by experienced orthopedic surgeon

Podlipska 2016 [45]

NR

N/A

NR

NR

N/A

Yes

P: Sonographer (2 days of training). A: unknown

Razek 2016 [46]

No, placed medial joint space

N/A

Inadequate description

NR

N/A

Yes

P: 1 MSK radiologist (20 years of experience) A: one radiologist and one rheumatologist (20 and 10 years of experience, respectively)

Chiba 2017 [31]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: two orthopedic surgeons (3 and 6 years of experience, respectively)

Ishii 2017 [36]

No, placed at MCL and MM border

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P: unknown A: one orthopedic surgeon

Murakami 2017 [41]

Insufficient description

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: two orthopedic surgeons

Achtnich 2018 [29]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

Meniscal body

N/A

Supine (NWB): Full knee extension

Loaded: 20° flexion

P: MSK radiologist (20 years of US experience) A: one orthopedic surgeon and one MSK radiologist

Diermeier 2019 [32]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

Meniscal body

N/A

No. 20° flexion

P: orthopedic surgeon (2 years of experience) A: one orthopedic surgeon

Karpinski 2019 [40]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

Meniscal body

N/A

Yes

P & A: unknown

Ozdemir 2019 [44]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P: one MSK radiologist (9 years of experience)

A: one MSK radiologist (20 years of experience)

Elkwesny 2020 [33]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P: unknown A: one MSK radiologist (12 years of experience)

Ishii 2020 [37]

No, placed at MCL and MM border

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: physician of unknown experience

Ishii 2020* [39]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: physician of unknown experience

Reisner et al. 2020 [47]

Insufficient description

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A by sports physician, sports fellow, and resident (30 min of experience of all)

Shimozaki 2020 [50]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: experienced orthopedic surgeon

Cho JC 2021[30]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: two chiropractors (1 and 10 years of US experience, respectively)

Reisner 2021 [48]

Insufficient description

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Yes

P: ultra-sonographer (6 years of experience) A: unknown

Shimozaki 2021 [49]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

No. at 0° and 90° degrees

P & A: one experienced orthopedic surgeon

Winkler 2021[51]

N/A

Probe between lateral femur and tibia condyle

N/A

N/A

Insufficient description

No. 10° knee flexion and 0° tibial rotation

P & A: two observers (unknown experience) and MSK radiologist

Zeitoun 2021[55]

Yes

N/A

Yes (a)

NR

N/A

Supine: 20–30° flexion

Stand: Full extension

P & A: MSK radiologist (3 years of experience)

Falkowski 2022 [34]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Supine: Slight flexion

Stand: full extension

P: MSK radiologist A: two MSK radiologists (7 and 23 years of experience)

Oo et al. 2022 [43]

Insufficient description

Insufficient description

Yes (a)

NR

Edge of lateral tibial plateau to most distant meniscus border

No. supine with 10° flexion

P & A by three observers: physician, MSK sonographer, and medical student (6 years, 8 years, and 1 week experience, respectively)

Ishii et al. 2023 [38]

Yes

N/A

Yes (b)

NR

N/A

Yes

P & A: physician of unknown experience

  1. LCL lateral collateral ligament, MCL medial collateral ligament, MM medial meniscus, MSK musculoskeletal, N/A not applicable, N/R not reported
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Knee Surgery & Related Research

ISSN: 2234-2451